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Computer Maintenance Tips

Ten Tips to Keep your Computer Running Smoothly

1. Never, never, turn your computer off with the power switch until Windows has shut down.

The one exception to this rule is when your computer locks up and your hard drive is not running (hard drive light is not blinking). In this situation, you can turn the power off without harmful effects to the hard drive. As cutting the power can also result in lost data or Windows files, you should only do this when you have to.

Following this rule will prevent permanent hard drive defects caused by the hard drive heads contacting the surface of the drive disc, and it will prevent a host of Windows problems.
Whenever possible, recover from crashes by pressing the Ctrl + Alt + Delete keys at the same time. Press them again to reboot your computer.

2. I highly recommend that you purchase an UPS (uninteruptable power supply) for your computer. This will keep your computer from crashing during power outages, and will protect your computer from low and high voltage occurrences.
An UPS is far superior to a surge protector and will save your computer from almost any type of power disaster. (See #1 above for what happens when your computer crashes.)

3. Backup, backup, backup, any data you cannot afford to lose to at least two separate physical drives. So backup data to external hard drives, Zip disks, CD-RWs etc.
The time to backup is when you create something you can't afford to lose. Don't wait until tomorrow.

4. Run Scandisk and Defragment at least once a month. This will keep your hard drive healthy and prevent crashes. Alternatively, purchase Norton Utilities and use it to keep your hard drive healthy.

5. Never unplug peripherals from the computer when it is powered up. Unplugging with the power on can short out the connector socket or the motherboard.

The only exception to this rule is if you know a peripheral is "hot pluggable". If you do not know what "hot pluggable" means then ignore this exception.

6. Do keep at least 300 MBs of your C: drive free for Windows to use. If you use Windows XP or Vista then you should have 400-600 MBs of free space on your C: drive.
If you do not have enough free space you will choke Windows and it will start dumping data to your hard drive, or it will just get really, really, slow.
Use the ADD/Delete tool in the Windows Control Panel to delete unneeded programs from your drive.
You can also use Cleansweep included in Norton Utilities to clean up your drive. If you do use Cleansweep or another hard drive cleaner, do not delete shared files unless you back them up. The cleaners do a rotten job of knowing if another program uses shared files.

7. Do not let a lot of programs load up when you start your computer. They use valuable memory and Windows Resources (Windows internal workspace).
All programs in your Windows System Tray (in the lower left of your screen) are running on your computer. Close them if you don't need them or run them and configure them not to load when you boot up.
Other programs running in the background can be found by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Delete at the same time.

8. Do use a virus checker regularly. Everyone should use a virus checker. The best type of protection is continuous monitoring from a dedicated anti-virus program like Norton Antivirus.
The second best thing is to use is the free online virus checkers such as Housecall provided by Trend Micro.

9. If you have a high speed Internet connection you need a firewall program. A firewall program keeps those who want to hijack your computer from gaining access to your system. You really do not want someone else running your computer.
I suggest you purchase and run Norton's Personal Firewall program. Your firewall should boot up with your computer to protect it from invasion.

Case in point: When I am online 10 hours or more with my DSL connection, my computer is usually attacked by a hacker at least once.
Do not think you are safe from hackers!! Hackers use search programs to seek out computers at random. Get a firewall program and use it.

10. Keep track of the software disks you receive with your computer and new peripherals. These disks contain valuable software drivers and programs for Windows and are needed when Windows must be reloaded. Keep these disks and your Windows software disks in a safe, dry, place -- you never know when you will need them.

Hopefully these computer maintenance tips will keep you out of trouble. However, if you have problems with your computer, feel free to ask for help on our InfoHQ Help Board.

Introduction to NAT

CCNA / CCNP Tutorial: Introduction To NAT
By Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933
A Free Excerpt From The Bryant Advantage Ultimate CCNA Study Guide

Network Address Translation (NAT) is not only an important topic for CCNA and CCNP exams, but it’s also a very commonly used technique for allowing end users access to the Internet while not revealing the end user’s true IP address.

CCNA and CCNP candidates need to know how to configure NAT, and so does anyone who works in network administration. NAT is one of the most commonly used network technologies out there, and understanding how and why it is used is vital to all network personnel.

Why Do We NAT?

NAT allows private networks all over the world to use the same internal network numbers, while still allowing their users (or perhaps just some users) access to the Internet.

In this way, NAT serves as a form of IP address conservation. Imagine how many IP addresses would be necessary if every single office around the world required IP addresses that were not duplicated anywhere else in the world!

The addresses that private networks around the world use are the RFC 1918 private addresses, sometimes referred to as “1918 addresses”. A word to the wise: Know these, and know them cold. I should be able to call you at 2AM and ask you what these are, and get an immediate response.

Note that the masks used with the RFC 1918 private addresses are NOT the default masks for Class A, B, and C.

These IP addresses are not used on any public networks. By public networks, we mean networks connected to the Internet. It’s my experience that the Class C 1918 addresses are the most commonly used by offices, banks, and other organizations.

If a bank and a school in your home city are both using the 192.168.0.0 /16 network on their internal networks, there’s no problem until some of the users on either network want to access the Internet.

Internet Access and RFC 1918 Addresses

Using private addresses is fine until a host using a private address wants to communicate with a device on the Internet. Consider what happens if a workstation with a private IP address attempts to contact www.cisco.com. Cisco’s web server would receive a packet from a host with a source address on an RFC 1918 network. How would the server know how to respond to the private address if it’s not used anywhere on the internet? This illustration shows us where the problem would come in on a network that is not running NAT.

In this situation, no user on a private network can successfully communicate with an Internet host.

These networks can communicate with Internet hosts by using NAT. NAT stands for Network Address Translation, and that’s exactly what is going to happen: the RFC 1918 source address is going to be translated to another address as it leaves the private network, and it will be translated back to its original address as the return data enters the private network.

NAT can be defined statically or dynamically. While you need to know both for your CCNA and CCNP exams, I recommend you use dynamic NAT whenever possible. The average office has enough users to make configuring static NAT a royal pain.

If a limited number of hosts on a private network need Internet access, static NAT may be the appropriate choice. Static NAT maps a private address to a public one. In this example, there are three internal PCs on an RFC1918 private network. The router’s ethernet0 interface is connected to this network, and the Internet is reachable via the Serial0 interface. The IP address of the serial interface is 210.1.1.1 /24, with all other addresses on the 210.1.1.0 /24 network available.

Three static mappings are needed to use Static NAT. The interfaces must be configured for NAT as well.

Configuring the interfaces for Network Address Translation. The Ethernet network is the “inside” network;
the Serial interface leading to the Internet is the “outside” network.

R3(config)#interface ethernet0
R3(config-if)#ip address 10.5.5.8 255.0.0.0
R3(config-if)#ip nat inside
R3(config-if)#interface serial0
R3(config-if)#ip address 210.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#ip nat outside

The static mappings are created and verified.

R3#conf t
R3(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.5.5.5 210.1.1.2
R3(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.5.5.6 210.1.1.3
R3(config)#ip nat inside source static 10.5.5.7 210.1.1.4

R3#show ip nat translations

Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global
— 210.1.1.2 10.5.5.5 — —
— 210.1.1.3 10.5.5.6 — —
— 210.1.1.4 10.5.5.7 — —

R3#show ip nat statistics

Total active translations: 3 (3 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Outside interfaces: Serial0
Inside interfaces: Ethernet0
Hits: 0 Misses: 0
Expired translations: 0

“show ip nat statistics” displays the number of static and dynamic mappings.

If you only have a few users on your RFC 1918 network that will use the Internet (or should be allowed to), static NAT will do just fine. For most networks, though, dynamic NAT is a better solution.

This article was contributed by Chris Bryant from http://www.thebryantadvantage.com

LAN and WAN Cabling for Cisco Devices

Assembling and Cabling Cisco Devices
LAN Specifications and Connections

The term Ethernet encompasses several LAN implementations. Physical layer implementations vary, and all support various cabling structures. There are three main categories:

# Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 - Operate at 10 Mbps over coaxial cable, UTP, or fiber.

# 100 Mbps Ethernet (Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3u) - Operates over UTP or fiber.

# 1000 Mbps Ethernet - Gigabit Ethernet that operates over fiber.

Fast Ethernet can be used throughout the campus environment. The following table gives examples of each campus layer.
The following table compares cable and connector specifications. Fast Ethernet requires unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) Category 5 cabling.
An RJ-45 connector is used with UTP cabling. The two types of connections are straight-through and crossover. Straight-through cables are typically used to connect different devices, such as switch-to router connections.
Crossover cables are typically used to connect similar devices, such as switch to switch connections. The primary exception to this rule is switch-to-hub connections, which use a crossover cable. Some device ports are marked with an X. In general, use a straight-through cable when only one of the ports is marked.
LAN Specifications and Connections Summary

# Ethernet has several LAN specifications, including IEEE 802.3 (10Mbps), IEEE 802.3u (100 Mbps), and Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps).

# UTP Category 5 is required for Fast Ethernet.

# Straight-through cables are typically used to connect different device types, such as a router and a switch. The exception is a switch-to-hub connection, which requires a crossover cable.

# Crossover cables are typically used to connect similar devices, such as a switch and a switch.

WAN Specifications and Connections

There are several ways to carry traffic across the WAN. The implementation depends on distance, speed, and the type of service required. The speeds of connections vary from 56 Kbps to T1/E1 (1.544/2.048 Mbps). WANs use serial communication for long distance communication. Cisco routers use a proprietary 60-pin connector. The network end of the cable must match the service hardware.

Cabling Routers for Serial Connectors

When cabling routers, you need to determine whether you need a data terminal equipment (DTE) connector or a data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) connector:

# DTE-The endpoint of the user’s device on the WAN link.

# DCE-The point where responsibility for delivery data passes into the hands of the SP.
The DCE provides clocking and is responsible for forwarding traffic. If you connect routers back-to-back, one of the routers will be a DTE, and the other will be a DCE.
Router Ports

Routers can have fixed or modular ports:

# Fixed ports-Each port has a port type and number (such as “Ethernet 0″).

# Modular ports-Each port has a port type, slot number, and port number (such as “serial 1/0″).

Configuring Devices

You must establish a connection through a console port in order to configure a Cisco device. Some devices use a rollover cable to connect a console port to a PC. To set up the connection, do the following:
1 Cable the device using a rollover cable. You might need an adapter for the PC.
2 Configure the terminal emulation application with the following COM port settings:
9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
WAN Specifications and Connections Summary

# WANs use serial transmission for long-distance communication.

# Cisco routers use a proprietary 60-pin connector on serial ports.

# A DTE/DCE is the point where the service provider assumes for the WAN. A DCE provides clocking.

# Routers have either fixed or modular ports. The syntax you use to configure each interface depends on the type of port.

# Rollover cables are used to set up a console connection.